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wizardforcel
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# Debian 手动安装
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> 原文：[Manual Debian installation](https://archive.fo/p1ZHn)
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> 译者：[飞龙](https://github.com/wizardforcel)
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> 协议：[CC BY-NC-SA 4.0](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
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> 自豪地采用[谷歌翻译](https://translate.google.cn/)
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尽管这个部分很啰嗦，但是不推荐给那些不熟悉 VirtualBox 和 Debian 的人。此外，它是为 Windows 编写的，如果你使用其他系统，我希望，对本指南进行适当的替换相当容易。
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首先，下载你需要的东西：
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+ 下载并安装 [VirtualBox](https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads)。
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+ 下载最新的 [Debian 6 Squeeze CD 映像](http://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/6.0.5/amd64/iso-cd/)。你需要第一张 CD，例如`debian-6.0.5-amd64-CD-1.iso`。
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对于 Windows 用户，你需要下载 [putty](ttp://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html)。你需要这个文件：`putty.exe`。它不需要安装，你可以像这样运行它。
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## Debian 安装指南
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1. 启动 VirtualBox。
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2. 按下`New`按钮来创建新的虚拟机。在`Name`字段中输入`vm1`，之后选择`Operating System: Linux, Version: Debian (64 bit)`，之后按下`Next >`。
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3. 从内存至少选择`512 MB`。如果你的机子上安装了足够的 RAM，`1024 GB`也可以。按下`Next >`。
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4. 这里只需按下`Next >`。
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5. 选择`VDI (VirtualBox Disk Image)`，并按下`Next >`。
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6. 选择`Dynamically allocated`，并按下`Next >`。
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7. 在`Location`中输入`vm1`，并按下`Next >`。
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8. 点击`Create`。
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9. 选择`vm1`并点击`Start`。
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0. 点击`Next >`。
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1. 点击`folder button`。
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2. 浏览并选择你的`Debian 6 Squeeze CD-image`，点击`Open`。
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3. 点击`Next >`。
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4. 点击`Start`。
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5. 关闭烦人的 VirtualBox 窗口。点击 VirtualBox 窗口内部并按下`<ENTER>`。
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6. 按下`<ENTER>`。
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7. 按下`<ENTER>`。
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> 译者注：这里你可以选“中文（简体）”。
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8. 按下`<ENTER>`。
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> 译者注：这里你可以选“HongKong”。
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9. 按下`<ENTER>`。
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0. 输入`vm1`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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1. 输入`site`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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2. 输入`123qwe`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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3. 输入`123qwe`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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4. 输入`user1`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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5. 按下`<ENTER>`。
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6. 输入`123qwe`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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7. 输入`123qwe`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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8. 如果你不知道这里做什么，只需按下`<ENTER>`。
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9. 选择`Guided partitioning`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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0. 选择`Guided – use entire disk`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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1. 再次按下`<ENTER>`。
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2. 选择`eparate /home, /usr, /var, and /tmp partitions`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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3. 选择`Finish partitioning and write changes to disk`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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4. 选择`<Yes>`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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5. 选择`<No>`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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6. 选择`<Yes>`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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7. 选择`ftp.egr.msu.edu`并按下`<ENTER>`。如果出现错误，选择其它的东西。
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8. 再次按下`<ENTER>`。
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9. 选择`<No>`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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0. 使用`<SPACE>`选择`SSH server and Standard system utilities`，并按下`<ENTER>`。
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1. 选择`<Yes>`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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2. 选择`<Continue>`并按下`<ENTER>`。你新安装的 Debian 会重启。
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3. 点击`Devices`并选择`Network adapters`。
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4. 点击`Port Forwarding`。
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5. 点击`Plus`按钮。
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6. 在`Host Port`中输入`22`，`Guest Port`中输入`22`，点击`OK`。
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7. 再次点击`OK`。
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8. 让你的 Debian 系统运行一会儿。
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9. 启动`putty`，在`Host Name`中输入`localhost`（或 IP 地址），在`Port`字段中输入`22`。点击`Open`。
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0. 点击`Yes`。
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1. 输入`user1`，点击`<ENTER>`。输入`123qwe`，并再输入一次，来真正享受你的作品吧。
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你以为这就完了吗？现在将这些输入`putty`，通过按下`<ENTER>`结束每个命令：
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```
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1: su
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2: 123qwe
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3: sed -i '/^deb cdrom.*$/d' /etc/apt/sources.list
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4: aptitude update
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5: aptitude install vim sudo parted
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```
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询问时，输入`y`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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```
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6: update-alternatives --config editor
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```
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询问时，输入`3`并按下`<ENTER>`。
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```
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7: sed -i 's/%sudo ALL=(ALL) ALL/%sudo ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL/' /etc/sudoers
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8: usermod user1 -G sudo
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```
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关闭`putty`，再次打开它，并作为`user1`登入`vm1`，输入这个：
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```
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9: sudo -s
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```
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如果你得到了`root@vm1:/home/user1#`，那么一切正常，开瓶啤酒奖励自己吧。
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## 你会看到什么
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```
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user1@vm1:~$ su
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Password:
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root@vm1:/home/user1# sed -i '/^deb cdrom.*$/d' /etc/apt/sources.list
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root@vm1:/home/user1# aptitude update
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Hit http://security.debian.org squeeze/updates Release.gpg
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Ign http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates/main Translation-en
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Ign http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates/main Translation-en_US
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Hit http://security.debian.org squeeze/updates Release
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Hit http://ftp.egr.msu.edu squeeze Release.gpg
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Hit http://security.debian.org squeeze/updates/main Sources
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Hit http://security.debian.org squeeze/updates/main amd64 Packages
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Ign http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/ squeeze/main Translation-en
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Ign http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/ squeeze/main Translation-en_US
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Hit http://ftp.egr.msu.edu squeeze-updates Release.gpg
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Ign http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/ squeeze-updates/main Translation-en
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Ign http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/ squeeze-updates/main Translation-en_US
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Hit http://ftp.egr.msu.edu squeeze Release
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Hit http://ftp.egr.msu.edu squeeze-updates Release
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Hit http://ftp.egr.msu.edu squeeze/main Sources
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Hit http://ftp.egr.msu.edu squeeze/main amd64 Packages
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Get:1 http://ftp.egr.msu.edu squeeze-updates/main Sources/DiffIndex [2,161 B]
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Hit http://ftp.egr.msu.edu squeeze-updates/main amd64 Packages/DiffIndex
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Hit http://ftp.egr.msu.edu squeeze-updates/main amd64 Packages
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Fetched 2,161 B in 3s (603 B/s)
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root@vm1:/home/user1# aptitude install vim sudo parted
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The following NEW packages will be installed:
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libparted0debian1{a} parted sudo vim vim-runtime{a}
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0 packages upgraded, 5 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
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Need to get 8,231 kB of archives. After unpacking 29.8 MB will be used.
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Do you want to continue? [Y/n/?] y
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Get:1 http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates/main sudo amd64 1.7.4p4-2.squeeze.3 [610 kB]
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Get:2 http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/ squeeze/main libparted0debian1 amd64 2.3-5 [341 kB]
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Get:3 http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/ squeeze/main parted amd64 2.3-5 [156 kB]
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Get:4 http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/ squeeze/main vim-runtime all 2:7.2.445+hg~cb94c42c0e1a-1 [6,207 kB]
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Get:5 http://ftp.egr.msu.edu/debian/ squeeze/main vim amd64 2:7.2.445+hg~cb94c42c0e1a-1 [915 kB]
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Fetched 8,231 kB in 1min 18s (105 kB/s)
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Selecting previously deselected package libparted0debian1.
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(Reading database ... 34745 files and directories currently installed.)
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Unpacking libparted0debian1 (from .../libparted0debian1_2.3-5_amd64.deb) ...
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Selecting previously deselected package parted.
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Unpacking parted (from .../parted_2.3-5_amd64.deb) ...
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Selecting previously deselected package sudo.
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Unpacking sudo (from .../sudo_1.7.4p4-2.squeeze.3_amd64.deb) ...
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Selecting previously deselected package vim-runtime.
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Unpacking vim-runtime (from .../vim-runtime_2%3a7.2.445+hg~cb94c42c0e1a-1_all.deb) ...
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Adding 'diversion of /usr/share/vim/vim72/doc/help.txt to /usr/share/vim/vim72/doc/help.txt.vim-tiny by vim-runtime'
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Adding 'diversion of /usr/share/vim/vim72/doc/tags to /usr/share/vim/vim72/doc/tags.vim-tiny by vim-runtime'
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Selecting previously deselected package vim.
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Unpacking vim (from .../vim_2%3a7.2.445+hg~cb94c42c0e1a-1_amd64.deb) ...
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Processing triggers for man-db ...
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Setting up libparted0debian1 (2.3-5) ...
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Setting up parted (2.3-5) ...
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Setting up sudo (1.7.4p4-2.squeeze.3) ...
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No /etc/sudoers found... creating one for you.
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Setting up vim-runtime (2:7.2.445+hg~cb94c42c0e1a-1) ...
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Processing /usr/share/vim/addons/doc
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Setting up vim (2:7.2.445+hg~cb94c42c0e1a-1) ...
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update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vim (vim) in auto mode.
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update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vimdiff (vimdiff) in auto mode.
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update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/rvim (rvim) in auto mode.
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update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/rview (rview) in auto mode.
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update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vi (vi) in auto mode.
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update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/view (view) in auto mode.
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update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/ex (ex) in auto mode.
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root@vm1:/home/user1# update-alternatives --config editor
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There are 3 choices for the alternative editor (providing /usr/bin/editor).
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Selection Path Priority Status
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------------------------------------------------------------
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* 0 /bin/nano 40 auto mode
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1 /bin/nano 40 manual mode
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2 /usr/bin/vim.basic 30 manual mode
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3 /usr/bin/vim.tiny 10 manual mode
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Press enter to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number: 3
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update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.tiny to provide /usr/bin/editor (editor) in manual mode.
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root@vm1:/home/user1# sed -i 's/%sudo ALL=(ALL) ALL/%sudo ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL/' /etc/sudoers
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root@vm1:/home/user1# usermod user1 -G sudo
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root@vm1:/home/user1#
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```
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## 解释
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1. 使你成为超级用户或`root`用户。
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1. 你在安装过程中输入的`root`密码。
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1. 修改仓库文件，因此 Debian 将尝试仅仅从互联网安装新软件。
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1. 更新可用软件数据库。
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1. 安装`vim`，`sudo`和`parted`包。
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1. 将默认系统文本编辑器更改为`vim`。
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1. 允许你通过修改`sudo`配置文件成为超级用户，而不输入密码。
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1. 将你添加到`sudo`组，以便你可以通过`sudo`成为`root`。
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1. 检查你是否能够成为`root`。
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