ex25
This commit is contained in:
parent
dcd9b87aeb
commit
d1d0fe42f7
|
@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
|
|||
# 练习 25:网络:配置文件,`/etc/network/interfaces`
|
||||
|
||||
> 原文:[Exercise 25. Networking: configuration files, /etc/network/interfaces](https://archive.fo/ckUKJ)
|
||||
|
||||
> 译者:[飞龙](https://github.com/wizardforcel)
|
||||
|
||||
> 协议:[CC BY-NC-SA 4.0](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
|
||||
|
||||
> 自豪地采用[谷歌翻译](https://translate.google.cn/)
|
||||
|
||||
从命令行配置网络接口是很好的,但现在是时候学习如何让`vm1`自动配置网络接口。为此,你将了解`/etc/network/interfaces`配置文件:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
user1@vm1:~$ cat /etc/network/interfaces
|
||||
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
|
||||
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
|
||||
|
||||
# The loopback network interface
|
||||
#(1) (2)
|
||||
auto lo
|
||||
#(3) (4)(5) (6)
|
||||
iface lo inet loopback
|
||||
|
||||
# The primary network interface
|
||||
#(7) (8)
|
||||
allow-hotplug eth0
|
||||
#(9) (10) (11) (12)
|
||||
iface eth0 inet dhcp
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
像往常一样,字段及其描述:
|
||||
|
||||
| 字段 | 描述 |
|
||||
| --- | --- |
|
||||
| (1) | 自动配置界面。 |
|
||||
| (2) | 接口名称。 |
|
||||
| (3) | 接口配置的开始 |
|
||||
| (4) | 要配置的接口名称 |
|
||||
| (5) | 此接口使用 TCP/IP 网络,IPv4。 |
|
||||
| (6) | 它是回送接口。默认回送地址将自动分配给它。 |
|
||||
| (7) | 在可用时自动配置接口(请在这里考虑 usb-modem)。 |
|
||||
| (8) | 接口名称。 |
|
||||
| (9) | 接口配置的开始 |
|
||||
| (10) | 要配置的接口名称 |
|
||||
| (11) | 此接口使用 TCP/IP 网络,IPv4。 |
|
||||
| (12) | 此接口通过 DHCP 自动获取其参数。 |
|
||||
|
||||
其他包含网络配置的重要文件,但我们在这里不会碰到他们:
|
||||
|
||||
+ `/etc/hosts` - 操作系统中使用的计算机文件,用于将主机名映射到 IP 地址。`hosts`文件是一个纯文本文件,通常按照惯例命名为`hosts`。
|
||||
+ `/etc/hostname` - 分配给连接到计算机网络的设备的标签,并用于识别各种形式的电子通信设备。
|
||||
+ `/etc/resolv.conf` - 各种操作系统中的计算机文件,用于配置域名系统( DNS)解析器库。该文件是纯文本文件,通常由网络管理员或管理系统配置任务的应用创建。`resolvconf`程序是 linux 机器上的这样的程序,它管理`resolv.conf`文件。
|
||||
|
||||
让我们回忆之前练习的`tap0`。如果你重新启动`vm1`, 它就会消失。当然,你可以通过重新输入相关命令来启用它,但是让我们想象一下,你需要在重新启动后自动使用该命令。
|
||||
|
||||
现在,你将学习如何使用`/etc/network/interfaces`文件来配置接口。
|
||||
|
||||
## 这样做
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
1: ip a s
|
||||
2: sudo vim /etc/network/interfaces
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在将这些东西添加到配置文件末尾:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
3: auto tap0
|
||||
4: iface tap0 inet static
|
||||
5: address 10.1.1.2
|
||||
6: netmask 255.255.255.0
|
||||
7: tunctl_user uml-net
|
||||
8:
|
||||
9: allow-hotplug tap1
|
||||
10: iface tap1 inet static
|
||||
11: address 10.1.1.3
|
||||
12: netmask 255.255.255.0
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在键入`:wq<ENTER>`并继续:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
13: sudo /etc/init.d/networking start
|
||||
14: ip a s
|
||||
15: sudo tunctl -t tap1 -u uml-net
|
||||
16: ip a s
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## 你会看到什么
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
user1@vm1:~$ ip a s
|
||||
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
|
||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
|
||||
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether 08:00:27:d4:45:68 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
inet 10.0.2.15/24 brd 10.0.2.255 scope global eth0
|
||||
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fed4:4568/64 scope link
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
user1@vm1:~$ sudo vim /etc/network/interfaces
|
||||
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
|
||||
|
||||
# The loopback network interface
|
||||
auto lo
|
||||
iface lo inet loopback
|
||||
|
||||
# The primary network interface
|
||||
allow-hotplug eth0
|
||||
iface eth0 inet dhcp
|
||||
|
||||
auto tap0
|
||||
iface tap0 inet static
|
||||
address 10.2.2.2
|
||||
netmask 255.255.255.0
|
||||
tunctl_user uml-net
|
||||
|
||||
allow-hotplug tap1
|
||||
iface tap1 inet static
|
||||
address 10.3.3.3
|
||||
netmask 255.255.255.0
|
||||
~
|
||||
"/etc/network/interfaces" 21L, 457C written 21,1-8 Bot
|
||||
user1@vm1:~$ sudo /etc/init.d/networking start
|
||||
Configuring network interfaces...Set 'tap0' persistent and owned by uid 104 done.
|
||||
user1@vm1:~$ ip a s
|
||||
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
|
||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
|
||||
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether 08:00:27:d4:45:68 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
inet 10.0.2.15/24 brd 10.0.2.255 scope global eth0
|
||||
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fed4:4568/64 scope link
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
3: tap0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UNKNOWN qlen 500
|
||||
link/ether 46:63:30:70:b5:21 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
inet 10.2.2.2/24 brd 10.2.2.255 scope global tap0
|
||||
inet6 fe80::4463:30ff:fe70:b521/64 scope link
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
user1@vm1:~$ sudo tunctl -t tap1 -u uml-net
|
||||
Set 'tap1' persistent and owned by uid 104
|
||||
user1@vm1:~$ ip a s
|
||||
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
|
||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
|
||||
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether 08:00:27:d4:45:68 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
inet 10.0.2.15/24 brd 10.0.2.255 scope global eth0
|
||||
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fed4:4568/64 scope link
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
3: tap0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UNKNOWN qlen 500
|
||||
link/ether 46:63:30:70:b5:21 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
inet 10.2.2.2/24 brd 10.2.2.255 scope global tap0
|
||||
inet6 fe80::4463:30ff:fe70:b521/64 scope link
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
4: tap1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UNKNOWN qlen 500
|
||||
link/ether 8a:ed:90:33:93:55 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
inet 10.3.3.3/24 brd 10.3.3.255 scope global tap1
|
||||
inet6 fe80::88ed:90ff:fe33:9355/64 scope link
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
user1@vm1:~$
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## 解释
|
||||
|
||||
1. 打印当前接口配置。
|
||||
1. 编辑`/etc/network/interfaces`。
|
||||
1. 自动配置`tap0`。
|
||||
1. 为`tap0`设置以下 IPv4 静态参数。
|
||||
1. 将 IP 地址`10.2.2.2`添加给`tap0`。
|
||||
1. 为此 IP 地址指定网络掩码、参数“广播”和“网络”自动 从这个网络掩码导出。
|
||||
1. 指定拥有`tap0`接口的用户。
|
||||
1. 由于可读性的空行。
|
||||
1. 在`tap1`接口出现在系统中时,添加以下参数。
|
||||
1. 为`tap1`设置以下 IPv4 静态参数。
|
||||
1. 将 IP 地址`10.3.3.3`添加给tap1。
|
||||
1. 为此 IP 地址指定网络掩码。
|
||||
1. 应用网络配置更改。
|
||||
1. 打印当前接口配置。你可以看到`tap0`被添加到接口列表中。
|
||||
1. 添加`tap1`伪接口。
|
||||
1. 打印当前接口配置。你可以看到`/etc/network/interfaces中指定的参数自动应用于它。
|
||||
|
||||
## 附加题
|
||||
|
||||
+ 说明如何导出“网络”和“广播”参数。
|
||||
+ 尝试这个:`ping kitty`。预期会失败。现在添加一个条目到`/etc/hosts`,以便你能够成功执行`ping`。
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue