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# 练习 6：Bash：语言设置，`LANG`，`locale`，`dpkg-reconfigure locales`
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> 原文：[Exercise 6. Bash: language settings, LANG, locale, dpkg-reconfigure locales](https://archive.fo/QgMfr)
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> 译者：[飞龙](https://github.com/wizardforcel)
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> 协议：[CC BY-NC-SA 4.0](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
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> 自豪地采用[谷歌翻译](https://translate.google.cn/)
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在 Linux 中，语言选择像导出变量一样简单。这是正确的，通过查看这个变量，程序决定如何和你交流。当然，为了使其工作，程序必须支持区域设置，并将其翻译成可用和安装的语言。让我们通过安装法语区域设置，看看它的工作原理。
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现在，你将学习如何安装和选择一个区域设置。
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## 这样做
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```
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1: echo $LANG
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2: locale
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3: man man # press q to exit man
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4: sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales
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```
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现在，选择`fr_FR.UTF-8 locale`，通过使用方向键来浏览列表，并使用看空格来选择区域设置。选择`en_US.UTF-8`作为默认的系统区域。
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```
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5: export LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8
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6: echo $LANG
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7: locale # press q to exit man
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8: man man
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9: export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
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```
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## 你会看到什么
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```
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user1@vm1:~$ echo $LANG
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en_US.UTF-8
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user1@vm1:~$ locale
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LANG=en_US.UTF-8
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LANGUAGE=en_US:en
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LC_CTYPE="en_US.UTF-8"
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LC_NUMERIC="en_US.UTF-8"
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LC_TIME="en_US.UTF-8"
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LC_COLLATE="en_US.UTF-8"
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LC_MONETARY="en_US.UTF-8"
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LC_MESSAGES="en_US.UTF-8"
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LC_PAPER="en_US.UTF-8"
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LC_NAME="en_US.UTF-8"
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LC_ADDRESS="en_US.UTF-8"
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LC_TELEPHONE="en_US.UTF-8"
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LC_MEASUREMENT="en_US.UTF-8"
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LC_IDENTIFICATION="en_US.UTF-8"
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LC_ALL=
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user1@vm1:~$ man man
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MAN(1) Manual pager utils MAN(1)
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NAME
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man - an interface to the on-line reference manuals
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user1@vm1:~$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales
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---------------| Configuring locales |-----------------------
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| |
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| Locales are a framework to switch between multiple |
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| languages and allow users to use their language, |
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| country, characters, collation order, etc. |
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| |
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| Please choose which locales to generate. UTF-8 locales |
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| should be chosen by default, particularly for new |
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| installations. Other character sets may be useful for |
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| backwards compatibility with older systems and software. |
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| <Ok> |
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-------------------------------------------------------------
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-----------| Configuring locales |--------
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| Locales to be generated: |
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| [ ] fr_BE@euro ISO-8859-15 |
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| [ ] fr_CA ISO-8859-1 |
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| [ ] fr_CA.UTF-8 UTF-8 |
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| [ ] fr_CH ISO-8859-1 |
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| [ ] fr_CH.UTF-8 UTF-8 |
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| [*] fr_FR ISO-8859-1 |
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| [ ] fr_FR.UTF-8 UTF-8 |
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| [ ] fr_FR@euro ISO-8859-15 |
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| <Ok> <Cancel> |
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------------------------------------------
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------------------ Configuring locales ----------------------
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| Many packages in Debian use locales to display text in |
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| the correct language for the user. You can choose a |
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| default locale for the system from the generated |
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| locales. |
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| |
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| This will select the default language for the entire |
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| system. If this system is a multi-user system where not |
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| all users are able to speak the default language, they |
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| will experience difficulties. |
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| <Ok> |
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-------------------------------------------------------------
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------------ Configuring locales --------------
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| Default locale for the system environment: |
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| None |
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| en_US.UTF-8 |
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| fr_FR.UTF-8 |
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| <Ok> <Cancel> |
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-----------------------------------------------
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Generating locales (this might take a while)...
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en_US.UTF-8... done
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fr_FR.UTF-8... done
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Generation complete.
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user1@vm1:~$ export LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8
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user1@vm1:~$ echo $LANG
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fr_FR.UTF-8
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user1@vm1:~$ locale
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LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8
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LANGUAGE=en_US:en
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LC_CTYPE="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_NUMERIC="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_TIME="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_COLLATE="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_MONETARY="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_MESSAGES="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_PAPER="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_NAME="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_ADDRESS="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_TELEPHONE="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_MEASUREMENT="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_IDENTIFICATION="fr_FR.UTF-8"
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LC_ALL=
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user1@vm1:~$ man man
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MAN(1) Utilitaires de l'afficheur des pages de manuel MAN(1)
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NOM
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man - interface de consultation des manuels de
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référence en ligne
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user1@vm1:~$ export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
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user1@vm1:~$
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```
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## 解释
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1. 打印你当前使用的`LANG`变量，程序用它来确定与你进行交互时要使用的语言。
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2. 按照指定的国家/地区的格式，打印所有区域变量，程序员使用它们来设置数字，地址，电话格式，以及其它。
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3. 显示 unix 手册系统的手册页。注意我如何使用`#`来注释一个动作，`#`之后的所有内容都不执行。
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4. 执行程序来重新配置你的区域设置。因为这个变化是系统层次的，你需要以 root 身份运行这个命令，这就是在`dpkg-reconfigure locales`前面有`sudo`的原因。现在不要纠结`sudo`，我会让你熟悉它。
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5. 导出`LANG`变量，用于设置所有其他区域变量。
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6. 打印出`LANG`变量，你可以看到它已经改变了，按照你的预期。
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7. 打印其它已更改的区域变量。
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8. 以法语显示`man`手册页。
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9. 将`LANG变量恢复为英文。
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## 附加题
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+ 阅读区域设置的手册页。为此，请输入`man locale`。
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+ 现在，阅读`man 7 locale`页面。注意我 在这里使用`7`，来调用关于约定的手册页。如果你愿意， 现在阅读`man man`，了解其他可能的代码是什么，或者只是等待涵盖它的练习。
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