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class="breadcrumbs__link">模拟题二</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">网络：HTTP 缓存机制</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li></ul></nav><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><h1>HTTP 缓存机制</h1><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="相关问题">相关问题<a href="#相关问题" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 相关问题" title="Direct link to 相关问题"></a></h2><ul><li>了解浏览器的缓存机制吗</li><li>谈谈 HTTP 缓存</li><li>为什么要有缓存</li><li>缓存的优点是什么</li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="回答关键点">回答关键点<a href="#回答关键点" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 回答关键点" title="Direct link to 回答关键点"></a></h2><p><code>强缓存</code> <code>协商缓存</code></p><p>HTTP 缓存主要分为<strong>强缓存</strong>和<strong>协商缓存</strong>。</p><p><strong>强缓存</strong>可以通过 Expires / Cache-Control 控制，命中强缓存时不会发起网络请求，资源直接从本地获取，浏览器显示状态码 200 from cache。</p><p><strong>协商缓存</strong>可以通过 Last-Modified / If-Modified-Since 和 Etag / If-None-Match 控制，开启协商缓存时向服务器发送的请求会带上缓存标识，若命中协商缓存服务器返回 304 Not Modified 表示浏览器可以使用本地缓存文件，否则返回 200 OK 正常返回数据。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="知识点深入">知识点深入<a href="#知识点深入" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 知识点深入" title="Direct link to 知识点深入"></a></h2><h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="1-流程图">1. 流程图<a href="#1-流程图" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 1. 流程图" title="Direct link to 1. 流程图"></a></h3><p><img loading="lazy" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13888962/125894860-a0b9eecd-03b6-49ce-9612-9705b1fb6e78.png" alt="image" class="img_ev3q"></p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="2强缓存">2.强缓存<a href="#2强缓存" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 2.强缓存" title="Direct link to 2.强缓存"></a></h3><h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="21-expires">2.1 Expires<a href="#21-expires" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 2.1 Expires" title="Direct link to 2.1 Expires"></a></h4><ul><li>HTTP/1.0 产物。</li><li>优先级低于 Cache-control: max-age。</li><li>缺点：使用本地时间判断是否过期，而本地时间是可修改的且并非一定准确的。</li></ul><p>Expires 是由服务端返回的资源过期时间（GMT 日期格式/时间戳），若用户本地时间在过期时间前，则不发送请求直接从本地获取资源。</p><h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="22-cache-control">2.2 Cache-Control<a href="#22-cache-control" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 2.2 Cache-Control" title="Direct link to 2.2 Cache-Control"></a></h4><ul><li>HTTP/1.1 产物。</li><li>优先级高于 Expires。</li><li>正确区分 no-cache / no-store 的作用。</li></ul><p>Cache-Control 是用于页面缓存的通用消息头字段，可以通过指定指令来实现缓存机制。</p><p>常用的字段有：</p><ul><li><strong>max-age</strong> 设置缓存存储的最大时长，单位秒。</li><li><strong>s-max-age</strong> 与 max-age 用法一致，不过仅适用于代理服务器。</li><li><strong>public</strong> 表示响应可被任何对象缓存。</li><li><strong>private</strong> 表示响应只可被私有用户缓存，不能被代理服务器缓存。</li><li><strong>no-cache</strong> 强制客户端向服务器发起请求（禁用强缓存，可用协商缓存）。</li><li><strong>no-store</strong> 禁止一切缓存，包含协商缓存也不可用。</li><li><strong>must-revalidate</strong> 一旦资源过期，在成功向原始服务器验证之前，缓存不能用该资源响应后续请求。</li><li><strong>immutable</strong> 表示响应正文不会随时间改变（只要资源不过期就不发送请求）。</li></ul><p>值得注意的是，虽然以上常用字段都是响应头的字段，但是 Cache-Control 同时也支持请求头，例如 <code>Cache-Control: max-stale=<seconds></code> 表明客户端愿意接收一个已经过期但不能超出<code><seconds></code>秒的资源。</p><h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="23-拓展知识冷门考点">2.3 拓展知识（冷门考点）<a href="#23-拓展知识冷门考点" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 2.3 拓展知识（冷门考点）" title="Direct link to 2.3 拓展知识（冷门考点）"></a></h4><ul><li>HTTP/1.0 Pragma<ul><li>在 HTTP/1.0 时期用于禁用浏览器缓存 Pragma: no-cache。</li></ul></li><li>缓存位置<ul><li>从 Service Worker 中读取缓存（只支持 HTTPS）。</li><li>从内存读取缓存时 network 显示 memory cache。</li><li>从硬盘读取缓存时 network 显示 disk cache。</li><li>Push Cache（推送缓存）（HTTP/2.0）。</li><li>优先级 Service Worker > memory cache > disk cache > Push Cache。</li></ul></li><li>最佳实践：资源尽可能命中强缓存，且在资源文件更新时保证用户使用到最新的资源文件<ul><li>强缓存只会命中相同命名的资源文件。</li><li>在资源文件上加 hash 标识（webpack 可在打包时在文件名上带上）。</li><li>通过更新资源文件名来强制更新命中强缓存的资源。</li></ul></li></ul><h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="3-协商缓存">3. 协商缓存<a href="#3-协商缓存" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 3. 协商缓存" title="Direct link to 3. 协商缓存"></a></h3><h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="31-etag--if-none-match">3.1 ETag / If-None-Match<a href="#31-etag--if-none-match" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 3.1 ETag / If-None-Match" title="Direct link to 3.1 ETag / If-None-Match"></a></h4><ul><li>通过唯一标识来验证缓存。</li><li>优先级高于 Last-Modified / If-Modified-Since。</li></ul><p>如果资源请求的响应头里含有 ETag，客户端可以在后续的请求的头中带上 If-None-Match 头来验证缓存。若服务器判断资源标识一致，则返回 304 状态码告知浏览器可从本地读取缓存。</p><p>唯一标识内容是由服务端生成算法决定的，可以是资源内容生成的哈希值，也可以是最后修改时间戳的哈希值。所以 Etag 标识改变并不代表资源文件改变，反之亦然。</p><h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="32-last-modified--if-modified-since">3.2 Last-Modified / If-Modified-Since<a href="#32-last-modified--if-modified-since" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 3.2 Last-Modified / If-Modified-Since" title="Direct link to 3.2 Last-Modified / If-Modified-Since"></a></h4><ul><li>通过资源的最后修改时间来验证缓存。</li><li>优先级低于 ETag / If-None-Match。</li><li>缺点：只能精确到秒，若 1s 内多次修改资源 Last-Modified 不会变化。</li></ul><p>如果资源请求的响应头里含有 Last-Modified，客户端可以在后续的请求的头中带上 If-Modified-Since 头来验证缓存。若服务器判断资源最后修改时间一致，则返回 304 状态码告知浏览器可从本地读取缓存。</p><h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="33-拓展知识冷门考点">3.3 拓展知识（冷门考点）<a href="#33-拓展知识冷门考点" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 3.3 拓展知识（冷门考点）" title="Direct link to 3.3 拓展知识（冷门考点）"></a></h4><ul><li>ETag 在标识前面加 <code>W/</code> 前缀表示用弱比较算法（If-None-Match 本身就只用弱比较算法）。</li><li>ETag 还可以配合 If-Match 检测当前请求是否为最新版本，若资源不匹配返回状态码 412 错误（If-Match 不加 <code>W/</code> 时使用强比较算法）。</li></ul><h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="4-缓存的优缺点">4. 缓存的优缺点<a href="#4-缓存的优缺点" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 4. 缓存的优缺点" title="Direct link to 4. 缓存的优缺点"></a></h3><p><strong>优点</strong></p><ul><li>节省了不必要的数据传输，节省带宽。</li><li>减少服务端的负担，提高网站性能。</li><li>降低网络延迟，加快页面响应速度，增强用户体验。</li></ul><p><strong>缺点</strong></p><ul><li>不恰当的缓存设置可能会导致资源更新不及时，导致用户获取信息滞后。</li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="参考资料">参考资料<a href="#参考资料" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 参考资料" title="Direct link to 参考资料"></a></h2><ol><li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Caching" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">HTTP Caching</a></li></ol></div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/awesome-interview/book2/css-preprocessor"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">样式：谈谈 CSS 预处理器</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/awesome-interview/book2/coding-throttle-debounce"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">编码：实现节流防抖函数</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#相关问题" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">相关问题</a></li><li><a href="#回答关键点" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">回答关键点</a></li><li><a href="#知识点深入" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">知识点深入</a><ul><li><a href="#1-流程图" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">1. 流程图</a></li><li><a href="#2强缓存" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">2.强缓存</a><ul><li><a href="#21-expires" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">2.1 Expires</a></li><li><a href="#22-cache-control" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">2.2 Cache-Control</a></li><li><a href="#23-拓展知识冷门考点" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">2.3 拓展知识（冷门考点）</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#3-协商缓存" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">3. 协商缓存</a><ul><li><a href="#31-etag--if-none-match" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">3.1 ETag / If-None-Match</a></li><li><a href="#32-last-modified--if-modified-since" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">3.2 Last-Modified / If-Modified-Since</a></li><li><a href="#33-拓展知识冷门考点" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">3.3 拓展知识（冷门考点）</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#4-缓存的优缺点" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">4. 缓存的优缺点</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#参考资料" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">参考资料</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="row"><div class="col"><div class="react-utterences"><div>Loading script...</div></div></div><div class="col col--3"></div></div></div></main></div></div></div>
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