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回答关键点"></a></h2><p><code>垃圾回收</code> <code>DevTools</code></p><p>内存泄漏是指不再使用的内存，没有被垃圾回收机制回收。当内存泄漏很大或足够频繁时，用户会有所感知：轻则影响应用性能，表现为迟缓卡顿；重则导致应用崩溃，表现为无法正常使用。为了避免内存泄漏带来的不良影响，需要对垃圾回收机制进行了解，掌握内存泄漏分析方法，完善线上相关监控措施。</p><p>内存泄漏定位和分析一般需要辅助工具，比如 Chrome DevTools。开发者可以通过 DevTools 记录页面活动概况，生成可视化分析结果，从时间轴中直观了解内存泄漏情况；利用 DevTools 获取若干次内存快照，检查内存堆栈变化；以及使用 Chrome 任务管理器，实时监控内存的使用情况。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="知识点深入">知识点深入<a href="#知识点深入" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 知识点深入" title="Direct link to 知识点深入"></a></h2><h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="1-排查内存泄漏常见问题">1. 排查内存泄漏常见问题<a href="#1-排查内存泄漏常见问题" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 1. 排查内存泄漏常见问题" title="Direct link to 1. 排查内存泄漏常见问题"></a></h3><p>在 JavaScript 中，当一些不再需要的数据仍然可达时，V8 会认为这些数据仍在被使用，不会释放内存。为了调试内存泄漏，我们需要找到被错误保留的数据，并确保 V8 能够将其清理掉。</p><p>代码量较小时，开发者通常可以基于以下基本原则进行快速自查：</p><ol><li>是否滥用全局变量，没有手动回收。</li><li>是否没有正确销毁定时器、闭包。</li><li>是否没有正确监听事件和销毁事件。</li></ol><p>除此之外，开发者可以借助外部工具进行内存泄漏排查。</p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="2-使用-chrome-devtools-定位内存泄漏">2. 使用 Chrome DevTools 定位内存泄漏<a href="#2-使用-chrome-devtools-定位内存泄漏" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 2. 使用 Chrome DevTools 定位内存泄漏" title="Direct link to 2. 使用 Chrome DevTools 定位内存泄漏"></a></h3><h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="performance">Performance<a href="#performance" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Performance" title="Direct link to Performance"></a></h4><p><img loading="lazy" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/17002181/129483290-b6fa5f92-2509-49af-9866-e1b08502fe51.png" alt="image" class="img_ev3q"></p><p>打开准备分析的页面和 DevTools 的 Performance 面板，勾选 Memory 并开始录制，在模拟用户操作一段时间后结束录制，DevTools 会将这段时间内的页面行为活动进行记录和分析。</p><p>通过生成的结果可以直观查看到内存时间线，了解内存随时间的占用变化，如果内存占用曲线成阶梯状一直上升，则可能存在内存泄漏。按需选取时间线中的区域片段，检查对应时间段内的活动类型和时间占用，作为排查和定位内存泄漏的辅助办法。</p><h4 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="memory">Memory<a href="#memory" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Memory" title="Direct link to Memory"></a></h4><p><img loading="lazy" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/17002181/130357605-39e4ffb0-f679-4331-91c0-f9958e70e8a9.png" alt="image" class="img_ev3q"></p><p>打开准备分析的页面和 DevTools 的 Memory 面板，按需生成快照。每个快照的内容是快照时刻，进行一次垃圾回收后，应用中所有可达的对象。</p><p>当开发者明确知道与内存泄漏关联的用户交互步骤时，可以生成多次内存快照进行对比，排查出泄漏的对象：在做用户交互操作之前，进行一次正常内存堆栈信息的快照；在做用户交互操作中或操作结束时，进行内存快照。使用 Comparison 视图或使用 filter 按需查看快照之间的差异。</p><p>上面的图中使用 filter 检查快照 2 和快照 3 的差异，通过结果可知在两个快照之间持续被分配 clickCallback 闭包。通过点击文件路径可以定位到内存泄漏的代码。</p><p><img loading="lazy" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/17002181/130357708-28497c8f-93f8-4afd-a53f-9506eaa3de9c.png" alt="image" class="img_ev3q"></p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="3-nodejs-中的内存泄漏定位">3. Node.js 中的内存泄漏定位<a href="#3-nodejs-中的内存泄漏定位" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 3. Node.js 中的内存泄漏定位" title="Direct link to 3. Node.js 中的内存泄漏定位"></a></h3><p>如果需要定位 Node.js 中的内存泄漏，启动 Node.js 时带上 --inspect 参数，以便利用 Chrome DevTools 工具生成 Memory 快照数据。如图所示，启动 Node.js 服务后，打开 Chrome DevTools，会有 Node 标识，点击可以打开 Node 专用 DevTools。</p><p><img loading="lazy" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/17002181/130330062-c37a1085-1464-4cc9-8aa0-2f65decead03.png" alt="image" class="img_ev3q"></p><p>除此之外，也可以借助第三方包 heapdump 生成快照文件，导入至 Chrome DevTools 中的 Memory 进行快照对比。</p><p>启动 Node.js 时带上 --expose-gc 参数以便调用 <code>global.gc()</code> 方法触发垃圾回收。借助 <code>process.memoryUsage().heapUsed</code> 检查内存大小，作为内存泄漏的辅助判断。</p><div class="language-js codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-js codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">const</span><span class="token plain"> heapdump </span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">require</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">"heapdump"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">const</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token function-variable function" style="color:#d73a49">capture</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">function</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> global</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token method function property-access" style="color:#d73a49">gc</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> heapdump</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token method function property-access" style="color:#d73a49">writeSnapshot</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">"./HZFE_HEAPSNAPSHOT/"</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">+</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token known-class-name class-name">Date</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token method function property-access" style="color:#d73a49">now</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">+</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">".heapsnapshot"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token console class-name">console</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token method function property-access" style="color:#d73a49">log</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:#e3116c">"heapUsed:"</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">,</span><span class="token plain"> process</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token method function property-access" style="color:#d73a49">memoryUsage</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token property-access">heapUsed</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">}</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">capture</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">/* 可能有内存泄漏的代码片段 start */</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">// code</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:#999988;font-style:italic">/* 可能有内存泄漏的代码片段 end */</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">capture</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">;</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg class="copyButtonIcon_y97N" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><h2 class="anchor anchorWithHideOnScrollNavbar_WYt5" id="参考资料">参考资料<a href="#参考资料" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 参考资料" title="Direct link to 参考资料"></a></h2><ol><li><a href="https://developer.chrome.com/docs/devtools/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Chrome DevTools</a></li><li><a href="https://developer.chrome.com/docs/devtools/memory-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Fix memory problems</a></li></ol></div></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Docs pages navigation"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--prev" href="/awesome-interview/book3/browser-event-loop"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Previous</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">浏览器：浏览器事件循环</div></a><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/awesome-interview/book3/engineer-webpack-loader"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Next</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">工程化：谈下 webpack loader 的机制</div></a></nav></div></div><div class="col col--3"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar theme-doc-toc-desktop"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#相关问题" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">相关问题</a></li><li><a href="#回答关键点" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">回答关键点</a></li><li><a href="#知识点深入" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">知识点深入</a><ul><li><a href="#1-排查内存泄漏常见问题" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">1. 排查内存泄漏常见问题</a></li><li><a href="#2-使用-chrome-devtools-定位内存泄漏" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">2. 使用 Chrome DevTools 定位内存泄漏</a><ul><li><a href="#performance" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Performance</a></li><li><a href="#memory" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">Memory</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#3-nodejs-中的内存泄漏定位" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">3. Node.js 中的内存泄漏定位</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#参考资料" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">参考资料</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="row"><div class="col"><div class="react-utterences"><div>Loading script...</div></div></div><div class="col col--3"></div></div></div></main></div></div></div>
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