447 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
447 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
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# 2024 Flutter 重大更新，Dart 宏（Macros）编程开始支持，JSON 序列化有救
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说起宏编程可能大家并不陌生，但是这对于 Flutter 和 Dart 开发者来说它一直是一个「遗憾」，这个「遗憾」体现在编辑过程的代码修改支持上，其中最典型的莫过于 Dart 的 JSON 序列化。
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举个例子，目前 Dart 语言的 JSON 序列化高度依赖 `build_runner` 去生成 Dart 代码，例如在实际使用中我们需要：
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- 依赖 `json_serializable` ，通过注解声明一个 `Event` 对象
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- 运行 `flutter packages pub run build_runner build ` 生成文件
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- 得到 `Event.g.dart` 文件，在项目中使用它去实现 JSON 的序列化和反序列化
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|  |  |
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| ---------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- |
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这里最大的问题在于，我们需要通过命令行去生成一个项目文件，并且这个文件我们还可以随意手动修改，从开发角度来说，这并不优雅也不方便。
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而宏声明是用户定义的 Dart 类，它可以实现一个或多个新的内置宏接口，**Dart 中的宏是用正常的命令式 Dart 代码来开发，不存在单独的“宏语言”**。
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> 大多数宏并不是简单地从头开始生成新代码，而是根据程序的现有属性去添加代码，例如向 Class 添加 JSON 序列化的宏，可能会查看 Class 声明的字段，并从中合成一个 `toJson()` ，将这些字段序列化为 JSON 对象。
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我们首先看一段官方的 Demo ， 如下代码所示，可以看到 ：
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- `MyState` 添加了一个自定义的 `@AutoDispose()` 注解，这是一个开发者自己实现的宏声明，并且继承了 `State` 对象，带有 `dispose` 方法。
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- 在 `MyState` 里有多个 `a `、`a2` 、`b` 和 `c` 三个对象，其中 `a `、`a2` 、`b` 都实现了 `Disposable` 接口，都有 `dispose` 方法
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- 虽然 `a `、`a2` 、`b` 和 `MyState` 的 `dispose();` 方法来自不同基类实现，但是基于 `@AutoDispose()` 的实现，在代码调用 ` state.dispose();` 时， `a `、`a2` 、`b` 变量的 `dispose` 方法也会被同步调用
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```dart
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import 'package:macro_proposal/auto_dispose.dart';
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void main() {
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var state = MyState(a: ADisposable(), b: BDisposable(), c: 'hello world');
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state.dispose();
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}
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@AutoDispose()
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class MyState extends State {
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final ADisposable a;
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final ADisposable? a2;
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final BDisposable b;
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final String c;
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MyState({required this.a, this.a2, required this.b, required this.c});
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@override
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String toString() => 'MyState!';
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}
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class State {
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void dispose() {
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print('disposing of $this');
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}
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}
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class ADisposable implements Disposable {
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void dispose() {
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print('disposing of ADisposable');
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}
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}
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class BDisposable implements Disposable {
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void dispose() {
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print('disposing of BDisposable');
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}
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}
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```
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如下图所示，可以看到，尽管 `MyState` 没用主动调用 `a `、`a2` 、`b` 变量的 `dispose` 方法，并且它们和 `MyState` 的 `dispose` 也来自不同基类，但是最终执行所有 `dispose` 方法都被成功调用，这就是`@AutoDispose()` 的宏声明实现在编译时对代码进行了调整。
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如下图所示是 `@AutoDispose()` 的宏编程实现，**其中 `macro` 就是一个标志性的宏关键字**，剩下的代码可以看到基本就是 dart 脚本的实现， `macro` 里主要是实现 `ClassDeclarationsMacro` 和`buildDeclarationsForClass`方法，如下代码可以很直观看到关于 `super.dispose();` 和 `disposeCalls` 的相关实现。
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```dart
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import 'package:_fe_analyzer_shared/src/macros/api.dart';
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// Interface for disposable things.
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abstract class Disposable {
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void dispose();
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}
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macro class AutoDispose implements ClassDeclarationsMacro, ClassDefinitionMacro {
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const AutoDispose();
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@override
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void buildDeclarationsForClass(
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ClassDeclaration clazz, MemberDeclarationBuilder builder) async {
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var methods = await builder.methodsOf(clazz);
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if (methods.any((d) => d.identifier.name == 'dispose')) {
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// Don't need to add the dispose method, it already exists.
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return;
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}
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builder.declareInType(DeclarationCode.fromParts([
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// TODO: Remove external once the CFE supports it.
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'external void dispose();',
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]));
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}
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@override
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Future<void> buildDefinitionForClass(
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ClassDeclaration clazz, TypeDefinitionBuilder builder) async {
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var disposableIdentifier =
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// ignore: deprecated_member_use
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await builder.resolveIdentifier(
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Uri.parse('package:macro_proposal/auto_dispose.dart'),
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'Disposable');
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var disposableType = await builder
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.resolve(NamedTypeAnnotationCode(name: disposableIdentifier));
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var disposeCalls = <Code>[];
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var fields = await builder.fieldsOf(clazz);
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for (var field in fields) {
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var type = await builder.resolve(field.type.code);
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if (!await type.isSubtypeOf(disposableType)) continue;
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disposeCalls.add(RawCode.fromParts([
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'\n',
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field.identifier,
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if (field.type.isNullable) '?',
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'.dispose();',
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]));
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}
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// Augment the dispose method by injecting all the new dispose calls after
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// either a call to `augmented()` or `super.dispose()`, depending on if
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// there already is an existing body to call.
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//
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// If there was an existing body, it is responsible for calling
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// `super.dispose()`.
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var disposeMethod = (await builder.methodsOf(clazz))
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.firstWhere((method) => method.identifier.name == 'dispose');
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var disposeBuilder = await builder.buildMethod(disposeMethod.identifier);
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disposeBuilder.augment(FunctionBodyCode.fromParts([
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'{\n',
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if (disposeMethod.hasExternal || !disposeMethod.hasBody)
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'super.dispose();'
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else
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'augmented();',
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...disposeCalls,
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'}',
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]));
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}
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}
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```
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到这里大家应该可以直观感受到宏编程的魅力，上述 Demo 来自 [dart-language](https://github.com/dart-lang/language/blob/main/working/macros/example) 的 [macros/example/auto_dispose_main](https://github.com/dart-lang/language/blob/main/working/macros/example/) ，其中 `bin/` 目录下的代码是运行的脚本示例，`lib/` 目录下的代码是宏编程实现的示例：
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> https://github.com/dart-lang/language/tree/main/working/macros/example
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当然，因为现在是实验性阶段，API 和稳定性还有待商榷，所以想运行这些 Demo 还需要一些额外的处理，**比如版本强关联**，例如上述的 `auto_dispose_main` 例子：
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- 需要 dart sdk [3.4.0-97.0.dev](https://storage.googleapis.com/dart-archive/channels/dev/release/3.4.0-97.0.dev/sdk/dartsdk-macos-arm64-release.zip) ，目前你可以通过 master 分支下载这个 dark-sdk https://storage.googleapis.com/dart-archive/channels/main/raw/latest/sdk/dartsdk-macos-arm64-release.zip
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- 将 sdk 配置到环境变量，或者进入到 dart sdk 的 bin 目录执行 ./dart --version 检查版本
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- 进入上诉的 example 下执行 dart pub get，过程可能会有点长
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- 最后，执行 `dart --enable-experiment=macros bin/auto_dispose_main.dart `，**记得这个 dart 是你指定版本的 dart** 。
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另外，还有一个第三方例子是来自 [millsteed](https://github.com/millsteed) 的 **[macros ](https://github.com/millsteed/macros)**，这是一个简单的 JSON 序列化实现 Demo ，并且可以直接不用额外下载 dark-sdk，通过某个 flutter 内置 dart-sdk 版本就可以满足条件：`3.19.0-12.0.pre` ：
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> 在本地 Flutter 目录下，切换到 `git checkout 3.19.0-12.0.pre` ，然后执行 flutter doctor 初始化 dark sdk 即可。
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代码的实现很简单，首先看 bin 下的示例，通过 `@Model() ` 将 `GetUsersResponse` 和 `User` 声明为 JSON 对象，然后在运行时，宏编程会自动添加 `fromJson` 和 `toJson` 方式。
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```dart
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import 'dart:convert';
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import 'package:macros/model.dart';
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@Model()
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class User {
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User({
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required this.username,
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required this.password,
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});
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final String username;
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final String password;
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}
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@Model()
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class GetUsersResponse {
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GetUsersResponse({
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required this.users,
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required this.pageNumber,
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required this.pageSize,
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});
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final List<User> users;
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final int pageNumber;
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final int pageSize;
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}
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void main() {
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const body = '''
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{
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"users": [
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{
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"username": "ramon",
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"password": "12345678"
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}
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],
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"pageNumber": 1,
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"pageSize": 30
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}
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''';
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final json = jsonDecode(body) as Map<String, dynamic>;
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final response = GetUsersResponse.fromJson(json);
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final ramon = response.users.first;
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final millsteed = ramon.copyWith(username: 'millsteed', password: '87654321');
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final newResponse = response.copyWith(users: [...response.users, millsteed]);
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print(const JsonEncoder.withIndent(' ').convert(newResponse));
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}
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```
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而 `Model` 的宏实现就相对复杂一些，但是实际上就是将类似 `freezed`/ `json_serializable` 是实现调整到宏实现了，而最终效果就是，开发者使用起来更加优雅了。
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```dart
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// ignore_for_file: depend_on_referenced_packages, implementation_imports
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import 'dart:async';
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import 'package:_fe_analyzer_shared/src/macros/api.dart';
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macro class Model implements ClassDeclarationsMacro {
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const Model();
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static const _baseTypes = ['bool', 'double', 'int', 'num', 'String'];
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static const _collectionTypes = ['List'];
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@override
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Future<void> buildDeclarationsForClass(
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ClassDeclaration classDeclaration,
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MemberDeclarationBuilder builder,
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) async {
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final className = classDeclaration.identifier.name;
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final fields = await builder.fieldsOf(classDeclaration);
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final fieldNames = <String>[];
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final fieldTypes = <String, String>{};
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final fieldGenerics = <String, List<String>>{};
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for (final field in fields) {
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final fieldName = field.identifier.name;
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fieldNames.add(fieldName);
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final fieldType = (field.type.code as NamedTypeAnnotationCode).name.name;
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fieldTypes[fieldName] = fieldType;
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if (_collectionTypes.contains(fieldType)) {
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final generics = (field.type.code as NamedTypeAnnotationCode)
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.typeArguments
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.map((e) => (e as NamedTypeAnnotationCode).name.name)
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.toList();
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fieldGenerics[fieldName] = generics;
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}
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}
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final fieldTypesWithGenerics = fieldTypes.map(
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(name, type) {
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final generics = fieldGenerics[name];
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return MapEntry(
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name,
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generics == null ? type : '$type<${generics.join(', ')}>',
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);
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},
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);
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_buildFromJson(builder, className, fieldNames, fieldTypes, fieldGenerics);
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_buildToJson(builder, fieldNames, fieldTypes);
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_buildCopyWith(builder, className, fieldNames, fieldTypesWithGenerics);
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_buildToString(builder, className, fieldNames);
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_buildEquals(builder, className, fieldNames);
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_buildHashCode(builder, fieldNames);
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}
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void _buildFromJson(
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MemberDeclarationBuilder builder,
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String className,
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List<String> fieldNames,
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Map<String, String> fieldTypes,
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Map<String, List<String>> fieldGenerics,
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) {
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final code = [
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'factory $className.fromJson(Map<String, dynamic> json) {'.indent(2),
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'return $className('.indent(4),
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for (final fieldName in fieldNames) ...[
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if (_baseTypes.contains(fieldTypes[fieldName])) ...[
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"$fieldName: json['$fieldName'] as ${fieldTypes[fieldName]},"
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.indent(6),
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] else if (_collectionTypes.contains(fieldTypes[fieldName])) ...[
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"$fieldName: (json['$fieldName'] as List<dynamic>)".indent(6),
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'.whereType<Map<String, dynamic>>()'.indent(10),
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'.map(${fieldGenerics[fieldName]?.first}.fromJson)'.indent(10),
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'.toList(),'.indent(10),
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] else ...[
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'$fieldName: ${fieldTypes[fieldName]}'
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".fromJson(json['$fieldName'] "
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'as Map<String, dynamic>),'
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.indent(6),
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],
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],
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');'.indent(4),
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'}'.indent(2),
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].join('\n');
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builder.declareInType(DeclarationCode.fromString(code));
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}
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|
|||
|
|
void _buildToJson(
|
|||
|
|
MemberDeclarationBuilder builder,
|
|||
|
|
List<String> fieldNames,
|
|||
|
|
Map<String, String> fieldTypes,
|
|||
|
|
) {
|
|||
|
|
final code = [
|
|||
|
|
'Map<String, dynamic> toJson() {'.indent(2),
|
|||
|
|
'return {'.indent(4),
|
|||
|
|
for (final fieldName in fieldNames) ...[
|
|||
|
|
if (_baseTypes.contains(fieldTypes[fieldName])) ...[
|
|||
|
|
"'$fieldName': $fieldName,".indent(6),
|
|||
|
|
] else if (_collectionTypes.contains(fieldTypes[fieldName])) ...[
|
|||
|
|
"'$fieldName': $fieldName.map((e) => e.toJson()).toList(),".indent(6),
|
|||
|
|
] else ...[
|
|||
|
|
"'$fieldName': $fieldName.toJson(),".indent(6),
|
|||
|
|
],
|
|||
|
|
],
|
|||
|
|
'};'.indent(4),
|
|||
|
|
'}'.indent(2),
|
|||
|
|
].join('\n');
|
|||
|
|
builder.declareInType(DeclarationCode.fromString(code));
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
void _buildCopyWith(
|
|||
|
|
MemberDeclarationBuilder builder,
|
|||
|
|
String className,
|
|||
|
|
List<String> fieldNames,
|
|||
|
|
Map<String, String> fieldTypes,
|
|||
|
|
) {
|
|||
|
|
final code = [
|
|||
|
|
'$className copyWith({'.indent(2),
|
|||
|
|
for (final fieldName in fieldNames) ...[
|
|||
|
|
'${fieldTypes[fieldName]}? $fieldName,'.indent(4),
|
|||
|
|
],
|
|||
|
|
'}) {'.indent(2),
|
|||
|
|
'return $className('.indent(4),
|
|||
|
|
for (final fieldName in fieldNames) ...[
|
|||
|
|
'$fieldName: $fieldName ?? this.$fieldName,'.indent(6),
|
|||
|
|
],
|
|||
|
|
');'.indent(4),
|
|||
|
|
'}'.indent(2),
|
|||
|
|
].join('\n');
|
|||
|
|
builder.declareInType(DeclarationCode.fromString(code));
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
void _buildToString(
|
|||
|
|
MemberDeclarationBuilder builder,
|
|||
|
|
String className,
|
|||
|
|
List<String> fieldNames,
|
|||
|
|
) {
|
|||
|
|
final code = [
|
|||
|
|
'@override'.indent(2),
|
|||
|
|
'String toString() {'.indent(2),
|
|||
|
|
"return '$className('".indent(4),
|
|||
|
|
for (final fieldName in fieldNames) ...[
|
|||
|
|
if (fieldName != fieldNames.last) ...[
|
|||
|
|
"'$fieldName: \$$fieldName, '".indent(8),
|
|||
|
|
] else ...[
|
|||
|
|
"'$fieldName: \$$fieldName'".indent(8),
|
|||
|
|
],
|
|||
|
|
],
|
|||
|
|
"')';".indent(8),
|
|||
|
|
'}'.indent(2),
|
|||
|
|
].join('\n');
|
|||
|
|
builder.declareInType(DeclarationCode.fromString(code));
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
void _buildEquals(
|
|||
|
|
MemberDeclarationBuilder builder,
|
|||
|
|
String className,
|
|||
|
|
List<String> fieldNames,
|
|||
|
|
) {
|
|||
|
|
final code = [
|
|||
|
|
'@override'.indent(2),
|
|||
|
|
'bool operator ==(Object other) {'.indent(2),
|
|||
|
|
'return other is $className &&'.indent(4),
|
|||
|
|
'runtimeType == other.runtimeType &&'.indent(8),
|
|||
|
|
for (final fieldName in fieldNames) ...[
|
|||
|
|
if (fieldName != fieldNames.last) ...[
|
|||
|
|
'$fieldName == other.$fieldName &&'.indent(8),
|
|||
|
|
] else ...[
|
|||
|
|
'$fieldName == other.$fieldName;'.indent(8),
|
|||
|
|
],
|
|||
|
|
],
|
|||
|
|
'}'.indent(2),
|
|||
|
|
].join('\n');
|
|||
|
|
builder.declareInType(DeclarationCode.fromString(code));
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
void _buildHashCode(
|
|||
|
|
MemberDeclarationBuilder builder,
|
|||
|
|
List<String> fieldNames,
|
|||
|
|
) {
|
|||
|
|
final code = [
|
|||
|
|
'@override'.indent(2),
|
|||
|
|
'int get hashCode {'.indent(2),
|
|||
|
|
'return Object.hash('.indent(4),
|
|||
|
|
'runtimeType,'.indent(6),
|
|||
|
|
for (final fieldName in fieldNames) ...[
|
|||
|
|
'$fieldName,'.indent(6),
|
|||
|
|
],
|
|||
|
|
');'.indent(4),
|
|||
|
|
'}'.indent(2),
|
|||
|
|
].join('\n');
|
|||
|
|
builder.declareInType(DeclarationCode.fromString(code));
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
extension on String {
|
|||
|
|
String indent(int length) {
|
|||
|
|
final space = StringBuffer();
|
|||
|
|
for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
|
|||
|
|
space.write(' ');
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
return '$space$this';
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
目前宏还处于试验性质的阶段，所以 API 还在调整，这也是为什么上面的例子需要指定 dart 版本的原因，另外宏目前规划里还有一些要求，例如
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
- 所有宏构造函数都必须标记为 `const`
|
|||
|
|
- 所有宏必须至少实现其中一个 `Macro` 接口
|
|||
|
|
- 宏不能是抽象对象
|
|||
|
|
- 宏 class 不能由其他宏生成
|
|||
|
|
- 宏 class 不能包含泛型类型参数
|
|||
|
|
- 每个宏接口都需要声明宏类必须实现的方法，例如，在声明阶段应用的 `ClassDeclarationsMacro `及其`buildDeclarationsForClass `方法。
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
未来规划里，宏 API 可能会作为 Pub 包提供，通过库 `dart:_macros `来提供支持 ，具体还要等正式发布时 dart 团队的决策。
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
总的来说，这对于 dart 和 flutter 是一个重大的厉害消息，虽然宏编程并不是什么新鲜概念，该是 dart 终于可以优雅地实现 JSON 序列化，并且还是用 dart 来实现，这对于 flutter 开发者来说，无疑是最好的新年礼物。
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
**所以，新年快乐～我们节后再见～**
|